Glatiramer acetate
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a selective inhibitor of cytokine production by immature DC [1].
IL-12p70 is a key factor secreted by sentinel DC driving Th1 responses. The chronic activation of Th1 cells results in immunopathology and organ-specific autoimmune disease.
GA selectively inhibits cytokine produced by tissue-type sentinel DC. Different increasing dose of GA is added to the immature DC activated by exposure to LPS in vitro. The secretion of IL-12p70 was inhibited by GA in a dose-dependent manner. The mature DC in the presence of GA can induce Th2 cells accompanied by high levels of IL-10, which prime DC for reduced IL-12p70 production [1].
Applying GA to mice of three stages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by 8 to 10 days (2 mg per mouse) showed the expression of BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4 are continuously increasing in specific brain regions. Even started 45 days after disease induction, GA treatment restored the level of NTs back to that of healthy mice [2].
Reference:
[1]. Wormmeester J, Vieira PL, Wierenga EA, et al. Glatiramer acetate (copolymer-1, Copaxone) promotes Th2 cell development and increased IL-10 production through modulation of dendritic cells. [J]. The Journal of Immunology: Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists, 2003, 170(9): 4483-4488.
[2]. Eilam R, Aharoni R, Arnon R, et al. The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. , 2005, 102(52): 19045-19050.
- 1. nianqiang jin, Binhang Wang, et al. "Mannose-Doped Metal-Organic Frameworks Induce Tumor Cell Pyroptosis Via the PERK Pathway." Research Square. 15 Nov, 2023
- 2. Daming Wu, Xiao Zhao, et al. "Construction of a pH-responsive nanoreactor and its specific inhibition of oral squamous cell carcinoma growth via TME and xCT/GSH/GPX4 axis." Research Square. 18 Oct, 2023
- 3. Berke Karaahmet, John A Olschowka, et al. "Inconsistent Effects of Glatiramer Acetate Treatment in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease." Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jun 24;15(7):1809. PMID: 37513996
| Physical Appearance | A solid |
| Storage | Store at -20°C |
| M.Wt | 623.65 |
| Cas No. | 147245-92-9 |
| Formula | C25H45N5O13 |
| Solubility | insoluble in EtOH; insoluble in DMSO; ≥65 mg/mL in H2O |
| Chemical Name | (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid compound with (S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid and (S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid and (S)-2-aminopropanoic acid and acetic acid (1:1:1:1:1) |
| SDF | Download SDF |
| Canonical SMILES | OC([C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1)=O.CC(O)=O.OC([C@@H](N)C)=O.OC(CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=O.OC([C@@H](N)CCCCN)=O |
| Shipping Condition | Small Molecules with Blue Ice, Modified Nucleotides with Dry Ice. |
| General tips | We do not recommend long-term storage for the solution, please use it up soon. |
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
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Cell lines |
Immature CD1a+CD14-DC |
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Preparation method |
Soluble in DMSO. General tips for obtaining a higher concentration: Please warm the tube at 37 ℃ for 10 minutes and/or shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while. Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months. |
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Reacting condition |
1-10 μM, 48 h |
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Applications |
Glatiramer acetate (GA) selectivly inhibited cytokine production by tissue-type sentinel DC. During their maturation of DC, exposure to GA reduced IL-12p70-producing capacity upon subsequent CD40L-dependent activation. DC exposed to GA during maturation induced the development of IL-4-secreting Th2 cells with elevated IL-10-secreting capacity. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
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Animal models |
C57BL/6 and (SJL/JxBALB/c)F 1 female mice |
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Dosage form |
2 mg per mouse, 8 to 10 daily, s.c. injections |
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Application |
GA treatment led to sustained augmentation of the expression of BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 in various brain regions. |
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Other notes |
Please test the solubility of all compounds indoor, and the actual solubility may slightly differ with the theoretical value. This is caused by an experimental system error and it is normal. |
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References: [1]. Vieira P L, Heystek H C, Wormmeester J, et al. Glatiramer acetate (copolymer-1, copaxone) promotes Th2 cell development and increased IL-10 production through modulation of dendritic cells[J]. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 170(9): 4483-4488. [2]. Aharoni R, Eilam R, Domev H, et al. The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005, 102(52): 19045-19050. |
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Quality Control & MSDS
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Chemical structure
